Review of the measurement methods for elastic moduli and internal friction of solids
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摘要:弹性模量和内耗是固体材料的基本力学性质, 其测量的准确性和便捷性对工业生产和科学研究都很重要. 本文回顾了近一百年来固体材料弹性模量和内耗的测量方法, 主要分为四类: 准静态方法、低频法、共振法和波传播法. 首先对每类方法的测量原理进行了简单介绍及总体评价. 接着对几种共振方法, 包括自由梁共振法、脉冲激励法、超声共振谱方法和压电超声复合振动技术(PUCOT)进行了详细介绍和评价. 然后, 重点介绍了本课题组最新提出的基于机电阻抗的模量内耗测量方法(称之为M-PUCOT或Q-EMI), 它可以同时、准确、快速地测量杨氏/剪切模量及相应内耗. 最后, 对这种新型弹性模量/内耗测量方法的意义和应用前景进行了讨论和展望.Abstract:Elastic moduli and internal frictions are fundamental properties of solid materials. The accuracy and convenience of the measurements these properties are of great significance to industrial production and scientific research. This paper reviews the measurement methods of elastic moduli and internal frictions of solid materials in the past 100 years. These methods can be divided into four categories: quasi-static method, low frequency method, resonance method, and wave propagation method. Firstly, the measurement principle of each type method is introduced and evaluated. Then the resonance methods, including free-free beam method, impulse excitation technique, resonant ultrasound spectrum and piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT) are presented and discussed in detail. After that, a new method called modified piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (M-PUCOT), proposed by the authors, are introduced. This new method is based on the principle of electro-mechanical impedance, and can measure the Young’s modulus/shear modulus and the related internal frictions simultaneously, accurately, and quickly. Finally, the significance and prospective of this new method are discussed.
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图 5超声共振谱法RUS. (a) RUS测量各向异性样品弹性常数矩阵示意图; (b) 在RUS中利用激光测振仪扫描离面位移进行模态识别(Ogi et al. 2002)
图 9采用M-PUCOT方法测量金属棒杨氏模量和内耗(纵向振动模式)时得到的电纳曲线. (1)采用压电换能器A的第一次测量; (2)采用压电换能器A的第二次测量; (3)将换能器A取下, 再次粘结后的测量结果; (4)采用另外一个换能器B的测量结果
图 10利用M-PUCOT的纵振动模式测量轴向极化PZT-5H的弹性模量和纵向振动内耗. (a) 居里温度前电纳曲线随温度的变化; (b) 居里温度后电纳曲线随温度的变化; (c) 根据电纳曲线计算得到的弹性模量与内耗
图 11利用M-PUCOT测量大块金属玻璃Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5玻璃化转变与晶化过程中的弹性模量与内耗. (a) 循环升温与冷却过程中的弹性模量与内耗随温度的变化; (b) 不同温度热处理后金属玻璃的XRD图案
表 1按应变(
$ \mathrm{\varepsilon } $ )−应力($ \mathrm{\sigma } $ )关系对固体材料不同力学行为进行分类$ \varepsilon $与$ \sigma $成单值关系 $ \varepsilon $对$ \sigma $瞬时响应 $ \varepsilon $与$ \sigma $成线性关系 理想弹性 是 是 是 非线性弹性 是 是 否 塑性 否 是 否 滞弹性 是 否 是 线性黏弹性 否 否 是 
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