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摘要:等离子体激励气动力学是研究等离子体激励与流动相互作用下, 绕流物体受力和流动特性以及管道内部流动规律的科学, 属于空气动力学、气体动力学与等离子体动力学交叉前沿领域. 等离子体激励是等离子体在电磁场力作用下运动或气体放电产生的压力、温度、物性变化, 对气流施加的一种可控扰动. 局域、非定常等离子体激励作用下, 气流运动状态会发生显著变化, 进而实现气动性能的提升. 国际上对介质阻挡放电等离子体激励、等离子体合成射流激励及其调控附面层、分离流动、含激波流动等开展了大量研究. 等离子体激励调控气流呈现显著的频率耦合效应, 等离子体冲击流动控制是提升调控效果的重要途径. 发展高效能等离子体激励方法, 通过等离子体激励与气流耦合, 激发和利用气流不稳定性, 揭示耦合机理、提升调控效果, 是等离子体激励气动力学未来的发展方向.Abstract:Plasma-actuated gas dynamics is an inter-discipline that concerns both the force and flow characteristics of an object submerged in flow, and the internal flow characteristics under the interaction of plasma actuation and flow, thus standing in the frontier of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, and plasma dynamics. Plasma actuation is a controllable disturbance imposed on the flow by either the collective motion of charged particles under electro-magnetic force or the pressure, temperature, and property variation produced by gas discharge. Affected by the local unsteady plasma actuation, the status of gaseous flow will change remarkably, which leads to a potential improvement of the aerodynamic performance. There have been tremendous investigations on surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuation, plasma synthetic jet actuation, as well as their interactions with boundary layer flow, separate flow, and shock-dominated flow. A systematic review of these investigations leads to the conclusion that there exists a strong coupling effect between plasma actuation and the modulated flow, and plasma shock control is a key to improving the control authority. Future researches should be directed towards the development of highly efficient plasma actuation, excitation, and leverage of flow instabilities, revealing coupling mechanism, and improvement of control effect.
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Key words:
- plasma actuation/
- gas dynamics/
- boundary layer/
- separate flow/
- shock wave
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图 1等离子体激励气动力学的内涵(吴云和李应红 2015,李应红和吴云 2020,Tang et al. 2020a)
图 3(a) 表面介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器侧视图(吴云和李应红 2015), (b)时空分辨的放电等离子体形态俯视图(Starikovskii et al. 2009)
图 4高精度的表面介质阻挡放电等离子体激励诊断与计算结果. (a) 表面介质阻挡放电等离子体时空演化精细结构侧视图, 实验与数值模拟, (b) 等离子体激励下的气动响应高速拍摄图像侧视图, 实验与数值模拟(Zhu et al. 2017)
图 5(a) 表面放电等离子体激励相图, (b) 用于减阻激励的定制化快升缓降电压波形 (Zhu & Wu 2020)
图 7正弦交流SDBD等离子体激励推迟层流附面层转捩的效果和机理(Yadala & Srikar 2018,Duchmann et al. 2013,Schuele et al. 2013)
图 8等离子体激励促进层流附面层转捩的效果和机理(Correale et al. 2013,Zhang et al. 2020). (a)基准流场; (b)激励后流场. 自上而下, 高超声速和超声速附面层的结果为NPLS图像, 而亚声速附面层的为仿真结果
图 9等离子体激励减小湍流摩擦阻力的方法、规律和机理(Jukes et al. 2016,Choi et al. 2011,Thomas et al. 2019,Duong et al. 2021,彭倩 2018,Cheng et al. 2021)
图 10等离子体合成射流激励与横流附面层相互作用. FVR为头部涡环, RVs为肋状涡, HVP为悬挂涡对, SVs为剪切层涡, CVP为对转涡对, BFR为回流区(Narayanaswamy et al. 2010,Zong & Kotsonis 2017b,2019,2020;Zhou et al. 2017,Yang et al. 2016)
图 12SDBD等离子体激励抑制翼型/机翼分离流动的发展脉络(Greenblatt et al. 2007,Zhao et al. 2015,Han et al. 2015,Kaparos et al. 2018,Li et al. 2018,Wei et al. 2020,Sidorenko et al. 2008,Grundmann et al. 2009,张鑫 等 2018,Su & Li 2018)
图 13等离子体合成射流激励抑制流动分离的四大机理(Caruana et al. 2013,Zong &van Pelt et al. 2018,Liu et al. 2018,苏志等 2018,李洋等 2018)
图 14等离子体激励控制压气机内部流动典型激励布局(Zhang et al. 2017a). (a) 转子叶顶端壁等离子体激励, (b) 叶片吸力面等离子体激励, (c) 端壁等离子体激励
图 17等离子体激励控制激波/附面层干扰的发展脉络(Leonov & Yarantsev 2008,Greene et al. 2015,Gan et al. 2018,Tang et al. 2020a)
表 1几种典型等离子体激励特性
介质阻挡放电
等离子体激励火花放电
等离子体激励电弧放电
等离子体激励定义 电极被绝缘介质阻挡形成的
非平衡等离子体激励电极被等离子体通道连接后
快速停止,使等离子
体保持非平衡电极被持续导通, 导致等离子
体区域趋向局域热平衡放电通道
约化均值20 ~ 100 Td 50 ~ 200 Td (取决于导通后的
电压与气隙大小)<20 Td (取决于导通后的
电压与气隙大小)最大比
沉积能量0.5 eV/mol 2 eV/mol 10 eV/mol 单次放电
时间尺度10 ~ 50 ns 纳秒至微秒 微秒至毫秒 主要特性 化学活性高, 运行时间长,
结构简单气体温度低, 电场驱动的等离子体
反应剧烈, 化学活性高便于调控气体温度高 (>3000K) , 温度
驱动的气体裂解反应
剧烈, 近似燃烧激励机理 快速气体加热 (纳秒) +振动转动
弛豫气体加热 (微秒至毫秒) +
离子风加速高能量快速气体加热 高能量气体加热 应用场景 抑制分离流动、调控附面层、
防除冰等等离子体合成射流 调控激波与
激波/附面层干扰
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表 2几种典型介质阻挡放电等离子体激励特性
正弦交流
介质阻挡放电激励微秒脉冲
介质阻挡放电激励纳秒脉冲
介质阻挡放电激励定义 电压服从正弦交流变化规律 电压上升时间小于两次微
放电间隔时间电压上升时间与等离子体
传播时间接近放电通道约化电场均值 (参考) 20 ~ 40 Td 30 ~ 50 Td 50 ~ 100 Td 单次放电时间尺度
(参考)10 ~ 30 ns 10 ~ 50 ns 10 ~ 50 ns 最大比沉积能量
/(eV/mol−1)0.01 0.1 0.5 主要特性 密集丝状微放电, 离子风和缓慢
振动转动弛豫加热效果明显放电均匀性较好,
能量效率较高可重复、可控、均匀, 快速气体
加热明显, 化学活性高,
能量效率高激励机理 离子风+缓慢气体加热 弱快速气体加热 亚微秒时间尺度快速气体加热 下载:
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