Advances in control of turbulence by artificial intelligence: Systems, algorithms, achievements and data analysis methods
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摘要:湍流控制涉及流体力学和控制理论, 对航空航天、运载工具、风力发电等众多领域具有重要的科学意义和应用价值. 由于湍流的复杂性, 传统控制方法在湍流控制领域面临很多瓶颈, 人工智能技术的发展为突破这些瓶颈提供了工具. 本文简要综述了文献报道的有模型和无模型的人工智能控制湍流的进展, 总结了研究中采用的典型的人工智能控制系统、算法、在不同湍流控制应用中取得的突出成果. 作者所在团队在国际上首次尝试对人工智能控制系统产生的海量数据进行分析, 从而挖掘出重要的信息乃至发现控制相似律. 对面临的挑战和未来的展望进行了分析.Abstract:Turbulence control involves fluid dynamics and control theory, and is of great importance to many fields such as aeronautics and astronautics, vehicle, wind power generation, etc. Due to the complexity of turbulence, traditional control methods face many bottlenecks in the field of turbulence control. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology provides a tool to break through these bottlenecks. This paper briefly summarizes the applications of AI in turbulence control reported in the literature, focusing on AI control systems, algorithms, and the outstanding achievements achieved in different turbulence control applications, as well as the first attempt by the author's team to analyze the big data generated by the AI control system to discover important information and even the control scaling law. The challenges and future prospects are also analyzed.
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图 4槽道湍流减阻控制中的神经网络结构图(Lee et al. 1997)
图 6x-z平面上在y+= 7时在无控制、传统开环控制 (COC) 和人工智能 (AI) 控制下典型的烟线流动显示图像, 红框区域所示为稳定条带结构(Yu et al. 2021)
图 7强化学习(a)和简化的强化学习算法(b)的控制框图(Lai et al. 2021)
图 8(a)探索梯度法运行框图, (b)无控制下三圆柱涡量图和(c) EGM搜索到的最优控制参数下的涡量图, 箭头表示旋转方向, 黑色扇区大小与转速成正比(Li et al. 2021)
图 9利用Okubo-Weiss参数法得到的Ahmed车模绕流的在Q= 20000时的等值面(Li et al. 2021)
图 11基于蚁群算法下的学习曲线. 正方形符号表示第n代中最佳个体An(Zhang et al. 2022)
图 13最优开环控制(fa,dc)w(HS)和最优闭环控制律
$ {\mathcal{F}}_{W\left(HS\right)}^{GP} $ 分别在设计工况 (高速环境HS) 和非设计工况 (低速环境LS) 下对比测试. 第一行是不同控制条件下的JW和对应的质量流率系数Cq, 第二行是每三个热线探针信号的频率谱密度函数 (PSD) , 第三行是t= 0.25 s范围内流场的伪可视化结果, 灰度表示−1.5 ~ 1.5 m/s范围内的脉动速度u'(Parezanović et al. 2015)
图 14GP得到的最佳控制律对平均流场的影响. (a)无控制下和(b)最佳控制下的平均流线图. 颜色表示速度的模
$ \left\| {\boldsymbol{u}} \right\| = \sqrt {({{\overline u }^2} + {{\overline w }^2})} $ (Li et al. 2017)
图 15(a)基于LGP的系统控制框图, (b)无控制与LGP最优控制律下的流动显示图 (Wu et al. 2018a)
图 16遗传编程算法在射流混合控制中的学习曲线及特定控制律下的流动显示图 (Zhou et al. 2020)
图 17(a)DRL在一次训练过程中的运行过程示意图, (b)训练500次后圆柱表面压力分布, (c)展向平均涡量的时间平均以及上方小圆柱附近速度分布(Fan et al. 2020a)
图 18(a) 径向基函数神经网络自适应控制系统程序框图及(b)其在来流马赫数M和攻角α连续改变时控制系统后缘襟翼角度β和升力系数Cl的响应(Ren et al. 2020b)
图 19(a)混合人工智能控制系统的结构示意图, (b)不同雷诺数下混合人工智能控制系统优化得到的最佳控制参数(Perumal et al. 2022)
图 20第 1, 2, 5 和 11 代 (共 400 个控制律) 的近邻图. 每个符号代表一个单独的控制律. 背景颜色对应于控制律的目标函数值J(Zhou et al. 2020). (a) ~ (d) 中的空心圆、三角、方和钻石形符号分别代表第 1, 2, 5 和 11 代的最优控制律
图 21从图20(a)中提取的与控制律 A ~ F 相关联的控制模式(Zhou et al. 2020). 每个扇形部分对应激励周期的六分之一, 而六个扇区的位置则代表六个微射流. 箭头表示微射流处于开启状态, 蓝色阴影的径向深度与微射流喷射持续时间成正比
图 22雷诺数5800 ~ 40000范围内变量ζ= (Cm/α)(D/d)1−n(1/Re)(fe/fe,opt)m对Ke/K0的影响. 人工智能实验数据选取了占空比α= 0.07 ~ 0.9,fe/f0= 0.1 ~ 1.5范围内的测试点. 红线是实验数据根据最小二乘法得到的多项式拟合曲线. 蓝色点对应给定雷诺数的最大混合速率Ke,max/K0(Perumal et al. 2022)
表 1基于模型的人工智能湍流控制应用统计
文献 控制方法 控制对象 激励方式 传感器 研究手段 Lee et al. (1997) NN & 反向控制 槽道湍流减阻 动态吹吸气 壁面剪切应力传感器 CFD Lorang et al. (2008) NN & 反向控制 槽道湍流减阻 动态吹吸气 壁面剪切应力传感器 CFD Kaiser et al. (2017) 基于聚类的控制 斜坡流动分离 脉冲吹吸气 速度传感器 CFD Han和Huang (2020) CNN & 反向控制 槽道湍流减阻 动态吹吸气 壁面剪切应力传感器 CFD Park和Choi (2020) CNN & 反向控制 槽道湍流减阻 动态吹吸气 壁面剪切应力传感器、
压力传感器CFD Bieker et al. (2020) RNN & MPC 流体弹球
尾流控制三个独立
旋转的圆柱测力传感器 CFD RNN: recurrent neural network; MPC: model predictive control; NN: neural network; CNN: convolutional neural networks; CFD: computational fluid dynamics. 
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表 2控制参数优化在无模型人工智能流动控制中的应用
文献 控制方法 控制对象 激励方式 传感器 研究手段 Koumoutsakos et al. (2001) ES 射流混合 正弦狭缝射流 速度传感器 CFD Hilgers和Boersma (2001) ES 射流混合 螺旋激励和轴向激励 速度传感器 CFD Benard et al. (2016) GA 后向台阶流动分离 等离子体激励 压力传感器 Exp. Minelli et al. (2020) GA 方柱体减阻 前缘吹吸气多频率扰动 测力传感器 CFD Qiao et al. (2021) GA 俯仰方柱体减阻 前缘吹吸气多频率扰动 测力传感器 Exp. Zigunov et al. (2021) GA 倾斜圆柱体减阻 定常微射流阵列组合 粒子图像测速仪 Exp. Yu et al. (2021) GA 湍流边界层减阻 独立控制合成射流阵列 热线传感器 Exp. Fan et al. (2020b) EGM Ahmed 模型减阻 脉冲狭缝射流 测力传感器 Exp. Maceda et al. (2021) EGM 三圆柱组合体尾流控制 三个独立旋转的圆柱 速度传感器 CFD Li et al. (2021) EGM 三圆柱组合体尾流控制 三个独立旋转的圆柱 测力传感器 CFD Ahmed模型减阻 五个独立定常狭缝射流 测力传感器 Lai et al. (2021) SDRL 圆柱减阻 旋转圆柱 测力传感器 CFD 沈子凡 (2021) ACO Ahmed模型减阻 五个角度可调节定常
狭缝射流测力传感器 Exp. Zhang et al. (2022) ACO Ahmed模型减阻 五组定常或非定常狭
缝射流激励测力传感器 Exp. ES: evolution strategies; GA: genetic algorithm; EGM: explorative gradient method; SDRL: simplified deep reinforcement learning; ACO: ant colony optimization; CFD: computational fluid dynamics; Exp: experiments. 下载:
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表 3无模型控制律优化在流动控制中的应用
文献 控制方法 控制对象 激励方式 传感器 研究手段 Gautier et al. (2015) GP 后台阶流动分离 动态狭缝射流 粒子图像测速仪 Exp. Parezanović et al. (2015,2016) GP 混合层 脉冲微射流阵列 热线传感器 Exp. Debien et al. (2016) GP 斜坡流动分离 脉冲主动涡流发生器阵列 热膜传感器 Exp. Chovet et al. (2017) GP 后台阶流动分离 脉冲微射流阵列 压力传感器 Exp. Li et al. (2017) GP Ahmed模型减阻 模型尾部脉冲微射流阵列 测力传感器 Exp. Wu et al. (2018a) GP 射流掺混 单个径向脉冲微射流 热线传感器 Exp. Ren et al. (2019) GP 圆柱涡激振动 动态吹吸气 位移传感器 CFD Li et al. (2020) GP 混合层 动态体积力扰动 速度传感器 CFD Raibaudo和Martinuzzi (2021), Raibaudo et al. (2020) GP 三圆柱组合体尾流 三个旋转的圆柱 速度传感器 Exp. Zhou et al. (2020) GP 射流掺混 六支径向脉冲微射流 热线传感器 Exp. Maceda et al. (2021) GP 三圆柱组合体尾流 三个旋转的圆柱 速度传感器 CFD Nair et al. (2019) CBC 翼型绕流 动态吹吸气 测力传感器 CFD Rabault et al. (2019a),
Rabault和Kuhnle (2019b)DRL 圆柱绕流 动态吹吸气 速度、测力
传感器CFD Fan et al. (2020a) DRL 圆柱绕流 两个旋转圆柱体 测力传感器 Exp Rabault et al. (2020) DRL 圆柱绕流 动态吹吸气 速度、测力
传感器CFD Ren et al. (2020b) DRL 翼型跨音速抖振 后缘襟翼角度 测力传感器 CFD Shimomura et al. (2020) DRL 翼型绕流 等离子激励器 压力传感器 Exp. Tang et al. (2020) DRL 圆柱绕流 四个合成射流激励器 速度、测力
传感器CFD Tokarev et al. (2020) DRL 圆柱绕流 旋转圆柱 速度、测力
传感器CFD Ghraieb et al. (2021) DRL 翼型绕流; 翼型攻角; 角度、测力
传感器CFD Ghraieb et al. (2021) DRL 两串联分布圆柱
绕流;两圆柱间距 测力传感器 CFD Ghraieb et al. (2021) DRL 三圆柱组合体尾流 三个圆柱转速 测力传感器 CFD Mei et al. (2021) DRL 圆柱涡激振动 三个合成射流的质量流率 速度、测力
传感器CFD Mei et al. (2022) DRL 钝体减阻 多个合成射流 速度、测力
传感器CFD Paris et al. (2021) DRL 圆柱绕流 两个合成射流 速度、测力
传感器CFD Zeng和Graham (2021) DRL KSE流动控制
问题均匀分布的激励器 速度传感器 CFD Zheng et al. (2021) DRL 圆柱涡激振动 两支动态射流 速度、测力
传感器CFD Ren et al. (2021a) DRL 圆柱绕流 一对反相射流 速度、测力
传感器CFD Ren et al. (2021b) DRL 圆柱尾迹 前缘吸气后缘吹气 速度传感器 CFD Perumal et al. (2022) DRL 射流增混 一支径向微射流 热线传感器 Exp. Wang et al. (2022) DRL 翼型绕流 合成射流 速度、测力
传感器CFD GP: genetic programming; CBC: cluster-based control; DRL: deep reinforcement learning. 下载:
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表 4典型湍流控制方法的优缺点及适用范围
控制方法 优点 缺点 适用范围 基于神经网络的反向控制 对槽道湍流控制效果好 要求传感器数量多、适用
范围小仅适用于反向控制的应用 基于聚类降阶模型的控制 可以处理高维、非线性系统 模型具有不准确性、要求传感器数量多 系统状态易测量的控制应用 RNN和MPC 对传感器数量要求低 需要提供系统期望状态轨迹 使系统输出达到预设目标的应用 参数优化方法: ES, GA, EGM, ACO, SDRL 不依赖模型、对传感器数量要求低、鲁棒性强、简单
通用参数维数高时不易收敛, 仅可以用于 参数优化 形式固定的控制律中参数的优化 GP 对传感器数量要求低、不依赖模型、鲁棒性强、简单
通用优化反馈控制律时抗噪声干扰能力差 优化开环、闭环控制律的
应用DRL 不依赖模型、适用范围广 对传感器数量要求高、
对计算资源要求高、优化闭环控制律的应用 基于聚类的无模型反馈控制 对传感器数量要求低、不依赖模型、收敛时间短 实验研究还需要验证 实时反馈控制应用 基于LGP的混合模式人工智能控制 不依赖模型、可同时实现对控制律和控制参数的优化 优化反馈控制律时抗
噪声干扰能力差优化开环、闭环控制律或
控制参数的应用下载:
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