含热冲击预损伤的陶瓷基复合材料损伤本构模型1)

图1氧化物/氧化物CMC单调拉伸试件几何尺寸

Fig.1Monotonic tension specimen geometry of the oxide/oxide CMC

根据经历了循环热冲击的氧化物/氧化物CMC的单拉试验确定的应力-应变关系,确定损伤试验中的位移增量, 以获取一定数目不同应变水平下的加载-卸载循环.每次再加载都施加相同的应变增量, 与第一次加载相比,每次再加载的损伤增长通常非常小.在弹性卸载段测量弹性模量(弹性模量等于弹性卸载曲线的斜率), 如图2所示.

图2

图2在单轴拉伸试验中用于确定损伤演变的加载-卸载曲线

Fig.2Loading--unloading curves for determining damage tension tests

由于卸载-再加载过程被控制在一个很小的应变范围内且循环次数少,故忽略整个加载历程中的疲劳损伤效应^[31-32]. 需要注意的是,在卸载和再加载路径上的有效弹性特性仅取决于材料当前的损伤状态. 实验证实,卸载阶段测量的弹性模量在数值上与再加载阶段相同,说明测量所得的弹性模量值是可靠的.

从图2中可看到, 含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC在初始加载阶段保持线弹性,随着所施加的应变不断增大, 加-卸载曲线的卸载模量不断减小,且卸载后材料产生了非弹性应变, 在卸载-再加载的过程中形成迟滞环,这可能是由于(i)基体/纤维界面接触摩擦导致的能量耗散,和(ii)基体裂纹渐进开裂或者纤维脱粘过程中形成新的自由表面,这两个不可逆的过程都吸收了一定的应变能. 随着拉伸应力持续增大,迟滞环的宽度和卸载后的非弹性应变值也在逐渐增大. 由此推断,含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC的应力-应变曲线呈现非线性特征的主要原因是其弹性模量的不断降低和非弹性应变的不断累积.

除了${0^ \circ }/{90^ \circ }$正轴向试件的损伤试验, 还开展了$\pm 45^ \circ $偏轴试件的损伤试验, 并根据ASTM 3518测试标准, 得到材料面内剪切模量$G_{12} $. 对于$\pm 45^ \circ $偏轴试件, 剪切模量$G_{12} $可通过轴向应变$\varepsilon _x $和横向应变$\varepsilon _y $得到^[24,33]

(1)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq1} G_{12} = \frac{\sigma _x }{2\left( {\varepsilon _x - \varepsilon _y } \right)} \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $\sigma _x $为轴向拉伸应力, $\sigma _x = {F}/{A}$ ($A$为材料在拉伸方向的横截面积), $\sigma _y $, $\tau _{xy} = 0$.

原始的和含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC的应力-应变曲线如图3所示.

图3

图3原始的和含循环热冲击预损伤的CMC的单调加载应力-应变曲线从

Fig.3Stress--strain curve of original CMC and thermal shocked CMC under tensile loading

图3中看出, 在单调拉伸载荷下,原始的氧化物/氧化物CMC与含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC在纤维方向表现出弹脆性行为,即材料在失效前基本保持为线弹性,但是含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC的弹性模量、抗拉强度和断裂应变均降低.从剪切应力-剪切应变曲线(图3(c))中可以观察到明显的非线性现象,这种非线性力学响应可以归因于随着剪切应力的增大, 纤维束之间的基体开裂,纤维/基体脱粘和滑动等导致损伤增长率不断增大.

根据Lemaitre的连续介质损伤力学理论^[34], 材料损伤$D$用材料弹性模量的降低来定义

(2)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq2} D = 1 - \frac{\tilde {E}}{E_0 },\ \ D = 1 - \frac{\tilde {G}}{G_0 } \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $\tilde {E}$和$\tilde {G}$分别表示当前材料的弹性模量和剪切模量,$E_{0}$和$G_{0}$分别表示原始材料的弹性模量和剪切模量. 在单轴加载情况下,含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC损伤试验中模量随应变水平的增加的演化情况如图4所示.

图4

图4含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC弹性模量和剪切模量随应变的演化曲线

Fig.4Elastic modulus and shear modulus evolution with applied strain of thermal shocked CMC

从图4中看到, 含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC的归一化弹性模量和剪切模量并没有从起始点1开始下降,这是因为材料本身已经含有由循环热冲击导致的预损伤.在相对较小的应变水平下, 材料的弹性模量就开始快速下降,说明损伤在弹性阶段就已经萌生, 且随着应变的增大而不断累积,表明损伤演化似乎受应变控制, 损伤的累积与应变的增加直接相关,即应变是复合材料中损伤演化的主要因素, 且在轴向$0^ \circ $和$90^ \circ $方向以及剪切方向均有着类似的演化趋势.

通过测量在加载-卸载-再加载循环期间的弹性模量(轴向拉伸试验)和剪切模量($45^\circ $离轴拉伸试验)来计算材料的损伤.在平行于方向1的载荷下进行的拉伸损伤试验确定了损伤变量$d_1 $的演化规律(图4(a)); 在平行于方向2的载荷下进行的拉伸损伤试验,定了损伤变量$d_2 $的演化规律(图4(b)); 同理, 通过$45^ \circ $离轴拉伸损伤试验, 换算得到材料面内剪切模量$G_{12} $的演化规律, 从而给出了损伤变量$d_6 $的演化过程(图4(c)). 从图4中看到, 正轴向拉伸的损伤变量$d_1 $和$d_2 $演化规律与面内剪切的损伤变量$d_6 $的演化规律基本一致, 说明材料在拉伸和剪切过程中的损伤机制可能一致. 特别地,对于轴向$0^ \circ $拉伸试件, 从总体应变的角度来看, 可以确定以下4个不同的区域.

(1)对于$\varepsilon \in \left( {0,0.018\% } \right)$, 含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC处于弹性范围内, 没有除预损伤之外的损伤, 在该应变范围内测量的初始弹性模量几乎恒定.

(2)当$\varepsilon \in \left( {0.018\% ,0.05\% } \right)$, 材料开始产生损伤且弹性模量开始发生变化, 随着应变持续增大, 损伤也迅速增加,这是氧化物/氧化物CMC呈弹脆性损伤的典型特征.

(3)当$\varepsilon \in \left( {0.05\% ,0.12\% } \right)$时, 损伤基本处于饱和稳定状态.

(4)当$\varepsilon > 0.12\% $, 材料发生断裂失效, 断裂应变约为0.12%.

对于正轴向$90^ \circ $拉伸损伤变量$d_2 $和面内剪切损伤变量$d_6$也同样存在类似上述机械损伤演化过程. 由此, 对于弹脆性材料,其机械损伤和所施加应变之间存在幂律演化律, 其损伤可简单表达为^[35]

(3)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq3} d_i = \kappa \left( {\frac{\varepsilon _i }{\varepsilon _{{\rm f},i} }} \right)^b,\ \ i = 1,2,6 \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $\kappa $和$b$是材料常数, $\varepsilon _{\rm f} $是材料在单调拉伸载荷下的断裂应变. 根据式(3)的幂律演化律,可给出含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC机械损伤$d_i $与应变$\varepsilon $之间的关系, 式(3)表明可以通过幂律演化对CMC的损伤与应变关系进行描述,但其并不能反映材料的损伤机制. 为了完全表征机械损伤,有必要进一步确定能全局描述材料损伤机制的损伤演化律.

1.4 损伤与失效机制分析

在单调拉伸载荷作用下,含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC在不同尺度上表现出多种损伤机制.通过SEM观察从试验件上切割下的碎片,证明了材料内部产生了基体开裂、纤维基体剥离、界面脱粘、纤维断裂和拔出和分层等多种损伤模式.含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC的单拉损伤断口形貌如图5所示.

图5

图5含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC典型损伤模式

Fig.5SEM micrographs showing typical damage mode under tensile loading

在拉伸试验期间主要产生3种类型损伤: (1)纤维内微裂纹, 在轴向拉伸试验中, 其产生于两个相互垂直的纤维丝束之间; (2)基体开裂与纤维断裂,CMC力学性能受材料在成型和加工过程中产生的基体微裂纹和热残余应力的影响,由于基体内的热残余应力和拉伸应力相互叠加, 导致脆性基体开裂;在基体微裂纹扩展时, 由于裂纹尖端场的应力集中, 导致纤维断裂^[36];(3)界面滑移, 由于循环热冲击导致局部基体/纤维界面分层,基体微裂纹在界面处发生偏转, 使得纤维和基体在加-卸载作用下, 发生界面滑移.预先存在的基体裂纹和分层等损伤在拉伸载荷作用下产生滑动摩擦,从而导致能量耗散并导致材料最终失效.

2 含循环热冲击预损伤的CMC本构方程

通常, CMC表现出弹脆性行为, 材料在没有明显的塑性变形时就已经产生损伤, 因此,不考虑材料的塑性以及热残余应力对损伤演化的滞后效应的影响,构建含热机械预损伤的CMC的损伤本构方程.

2.1 含循环热冲击预损伤的CMC本构模型

对于编织CMC, 损伤取决于载荷作用的方向, 假设在机械加载的过程中, 材料满足(1)在层内1, 2方向是平面应力状态; (2) 材料呈现正交各向异性特征; (3)材料刚度矩阵中的非对角线项保持不变, 即${\upsilon _{21} }/{E_1 } = {\rm const}$, 式中, $\upsilon _{21} $ 是泊松比, $E_1 $是1方向的弹性模量. 那么,由一组可观察的内部状态变量来表征含预损伤的CMC的当前应力-应变状态,将损伤演化方程定义为弹性应变张量$\varepsilon _{ij} $的函数

(4)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq4} \dot{d}_{ij} = f\left( {\dot{\varepsilon }_{ij} } \right) \end{eqnarray}$

其中, 损伤率$\dot{d}_{ij} $是关于应变张量率$\dot{\varepsilon }_{ij} $的函数. 式(4)表明需要确定损伤变量和施加应变之间的关系.下面分别就正轴向拉伸损伤变量($d_1 $和$d_2 $)和面内剪切损伤变量($d_6 $), 建立能一定程度反映材料损伤演化机制的损伤演化方程.

为表征含循环热冲击预损伤的CMC在机械载荷作用下的损伤状态,忽略加-卸载过程中迟滞效应的影响, 在材料的局部坐标系下,定义一组标量型损伤变量$d_i \left( {i = 1,2,6} \right)$

(5)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq5} d_1=1-\frac{E_1}{E_1^0},\ \ d_2=1-\frac{E_2}{E_2^0},\ \ d_6=1-\frac{G_{12}}{G_{12}^0} \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $E_1 $, $E_2 $和$G_{12} $表示含循环热冲击预损伤的CMC在机械载荷下的弹性模量和剪切模量,上标0表示CMC的初始状态. 从原始材料的角度看,含循环热冲击预损伤的CMC的初始损伤为循环热冲击导致的热机械损伤.

根据CDM原理, 将含热机械损伤材料的弹性应变能$\rho \varPhi $写为

(6)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq6} &&\rho \varPhi = \frac{1}{2}\frac{\sigma _1^2 }{E_1^0 \left( {1 - d_1 } \right)} - \frac{\nu _{12}^0 \sigma _1 \sigma _2 }{E_1^0 } + \frac{1}{2}\frac{\sigma _2^2 }{E_2^0 \left( {1 - d_2 } \right)} +\\&&\qquad \frac{1}{2}\frac{\sigma _6^2 }{G_{12}^0 \left( {1 - d_6 } \right)} \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $\sigma _1 $, $\sigma _2 $和$\sigma _6 $是Cauchy应力张量$\sigma $的分量, $\nu _{12}^0 $是不含损伤材料的主平面面内的泊松比, 这样材料的状态律可写为

(7)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq7} \varepsilon^{\rm e} = \rho \frac{\partial \varPhi }{\partial \sigma } \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $\varepsilon^{\rm e}$为弹性应变张量.

为建立合理的含预损伤的CMC损伤模型, 有必要考虑弹性应变$\varepsilon^{\rm e}$和损伤变量$d_i $之间的耦合关系, 弹性应变可以表示为

(8)$\left. \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \varepsilon _{11}^{\rm e} = \dfrac{\sigma _{11} }{E_1^0 \left( {1 - d_1 } \right)} - \dfrac{v_{12}^0 }{E_1^0 }\sigma _{22} \\ \varepsilon _{22}^{\rm e} = \dfrac{\sigma _{22} }{E_2^0 \left( {1 - d_2 } \right)} - \dfrac{v_{12}^0 }{E_1^0 }\sigma _{11} \\ \gamma _{12}^{\rm e} = \dfrac{\sigma _{12} }{G_{12}^0 \left( {1 - d_6 } \right)} \end{array} \right\}$

2.2 机械损伤演化方程

在单轴拉伸载荷下, 纤维在承载中占主导地位,基体裂纹诱发的材料缺陷随机分布在基体和纤维中,而且基体裂纹和纤维断裂失效也呈随机脆性失效特征,其断裂概率受应力-应变状态影响显著. 文献表明^[37-38],基于断裂统计理论的Weibull脆性断裂方法适用于弹脆性材料在单轴应力状态下的损伤本构建模.

假设纤维断裂概率服从Weibull统计分布,包含有纤维的代表性体积单元的尺寸既大到包含足够多的微观孔隙、裂纹,也充分小到可以用连续介质力学中质点的概念来考虑,那么包含有纤维的代表性体积单元的失效概率$P_{{\rm FL}} $可以表示为

(9)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq9} P_{\rm FL}=1-\exp[(\frac{\sigma_{\rm u}}{\sigma_{\rm w}})^m] \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $\sigma_{\rm u} $为材料在拉伸载荷下的断裂应力, $\sigma_{\rm w} $为尺寸参数, $m$是Weibull模量.

Lamon等^[38-39]将单个纤维的失效概率推广到编织CMC结构中,对于纤维数量为$n$的编织纤维CMC结构, 设断裂失效的纤维数量为$nb = nP_{{\rm FL}} $, 那么未断裂失效的纤维数量为$n - nb = n\left( {1 - P_{{\rm FL}} } \right)$. 假设编织CMC结构中包含有纤维的代表性体积单元的弹性模量为$E_0 $, 施加在试件上的载荷为$F=\sum_{i}\sigma_iA_0$. 由于断裂失效的纤维不承载, 则$\sigma _i = 0$, 而未断裂失效的纤维承担的载荷为$\sigma _i = \varepsilon E_0 $, 那么对于整个含损伤的材料, 其承担载荷为

(10)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq10} F=E_0\varepsilon A_0(1-P_{\rm FL})n=E_0\varepsilon A(1-P_{\rm FL}) \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $A$为试件的承载面积. 根据真实应力$\bar{\sigma}$的定义

(11)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq11} \bar{\sigma}=\frac{F}{A}=E_0\varepsilon (1-P_{\rm FL}) \end{eqnarray}$

根据CDM理论, 将材料的损伤变量定义为包含有纤维的代表性体积单元的失效概率,即$d = P_{{\rm FL}} $. 联立式(9)可得单调拉伸载荷下材料的损伤表达式

(12)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq12} d=1-\exp[(\frac{E_0\varepsilon}{\sigma_w})^m] \end{eqnarray}$

由式(12)可知, CMC的机械损伤是关于所施加应变的单调函数,即每个应变水平对应唯一的损伤状态,直接反映了CMC基体裂纹和纤维断裂随机脆性失效的微观损伤机制. 然而,式(12)并不能完全反映含预损伤材料的损伤特性: (1)氧化物/氧化物CMC的机械损伤发生在一定的应变水平下,即该应变水平使得材料发生基体开裂; (2)材料的损伤状态受初始损伤$d^0$和材料断裂失效时的临界损伤$d^{{\rm cr}}$控制. 鉴于此, 引入初始损伤$d^0$, 考虑临界断裂失效损伤$d^{{\rm cr}}$和应变阈值$\varepsilon _{{\rm th}} $^[40], 将CMC的损伤表达式(12)写为

(13)$v\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq13} d=d^0+(d^{\rm cr}-d_0)\{1-\exp[(\frac{E\langle\varepsilon-\varepsilon_{\rm th}\rangle}{\sigma_w})^{m}]\} \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $\langle\,\cdot\,\rangle$是Macauley括号, 当$x \geqslant 0$, $\left\langle x \right\rangle = x$. 当轴向应变小于$\varepsilon _{{\rm th}} $时, 材料处于纯线弹性变形阶段, 不产生损伤. 因此,损伤对应状态下材料的应变范围为$\left[ {\varepsilon _{{\rm th}} ,\varepsilon_{\rm f} } \right]$, 其中$\varepsilon _{\rm f} $为材料在单调拉伸载荷下的断裂应变.式(13)给出了材料从初始状态或者含预损伤状态$\left( {d^0} \right)$到断裂失效状态$\left( {d^{{\rm cr}}} \right)$之间的损伤演化规律. 那么, 对于正轴向($0^ \circ $和$90^ \circ $方向)和剪切方向的损伤$d_i \left( {i = 1,2,6} \right)$演化方程可写为

(14)$\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq14}d_i = d_i^0 + \left( {d_i^{{\rm cr}} - d_i^0 } \right)\left\{ {1 - \exp\left[ { - \left( {\frac{E_i^0 \left\langle {\varepsilon _i - \varepsilon_{{\rm th},i} } \right\rangle }{\sigma _{{\rm w},i} }} \right)^{m_i }}\right]} \right\}\end{eqnarray}$

式(14)表明, 材料的损伤本质上与应变相关, 即应变是CMC中损伤演化的决定性因素.更为重要的是, 如果损伤机制不变, 材料在$\left( {d^0,d^{{\rm cr}}} \right)$间的损伤演化对实验应力-应变的响应并不敏感, 由此可将此模型推广到疲劳载荷.含循环热冲击预损伤的CMC损伤演化方程由材料初始损伤值$d^0$、应变阈值$\varepsilon _{{\rm th}} $、断裂失效临界值$d^{{\rm cr}}$、损伤指数$m$和尺寸参数$\sigma_{\rm w} $五个参数共同作用控制, 其参数辨识如下.

(1)初始损伤$d^0$. 由于原始材料中的初始损伤量很难测量, 通常假设$d^0 = 0$. 然而, 本课题所研究的是含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC, 那么,材料的初始损伤即为材料经历循环热冲击作用而产生的热机械损伤, 具体热机械损伤的量化模型在先前研究中已经做了详细的论述^[22].

(2)应变阈值$\varepsilon _{{\rm th}} $. 氧化物/氧化物CMC的机械损伤出现在一定的应变水平下, 基体发生开裂.而低于此应变水平, 材料微观结构为连续体.由于氧化物/氧化物CMC的基体/纤维的界面较弱,那么阈值应变可能与基体弹性应变的数量级相同, 式(14)中的应变阈值$\varepsilon_{{\rm th}} $的精确测定是相当困难的.

(3)断裂失效临界值$d^{{\rm cr}}$. 当损伤变量$d$接近其断裂失效临界值$d^{{\rm cr}}$时, 基体微裂纹与基体/纤维剥离之间的相互作用减少了材料的有效抵抗面积.这种损伤机制的贡献难以准确量化, 一般通过用均匀化理论进行估算.假设材料断裂失效前,基体孔隙或基体微裂纹聚结过程和纤维脆性断裂将材料承载区迅速推向断裂状态.因此, $d^{{\rm cr}}$为单调拉伸试验中材料的断裂应变所对应的临界损伤量. 理论上,当材料发生断裂失效时, 临界损伤变量$d^{{\rm cr}}$应该等于1. 但实验观察与分析表明, 材料在$d^{{\rm cr}} < 1$时就发生了断裂失效.

(4)损伤指数$m$. 所提出的非线性损伤模型中损伤指数$m$蕴含关于损伤演化动力学形状的信息, 表征了损伤演化的非线性程度,可通过材料的单调拉伸试验确定. 指数$m$为实验损伤值拟合线的斜率

(15)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq15} \ln\lt[-\ln\lt(\frac{d^{\rm cr}_i-d_i}{d^{\rm cr}_i-d_i^0})]=m_i\ln[E^0_i(\varepsilon_i-\varepsilon_{{\rm th},i})]-C_i \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $C_i = m_i \ln \left( {\sigma _{\mbox{w},i} } \right)$. 将实验结果与用于损伤参数识别的实验曲线进行比较, 如图6所示,发现所获得的损伤参数与实验数据吻合得较好, 从而证实了模型参数的有效性.

图6

图6含循环热冲击预损伤CMC损伤模型参数辨识

Fig.6Parameter identification of damage model for thermal shocked CMC

(5)尺寸参数$\sigma_{\rm w} $. 同样表征了损伤演化的非线性程度, 通过实验数据拟合得到.

通过上述参数辨识方法得到含循环热冲击预损伤的CMC的损伤模型参数.

图7给出了含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC损伤随着所施加应变的增大而不断演化的情况.从图7中看出, 当所施加的应变小于应变阈值$\varepsilon _{{\rm th}} $时, 材料处于纯线弹性阶段, 没有机械损伤.

图7

图7含循环热冲击预损伤的CMC在单调拉伸载荷下的机械损伤曲线

Fig.7Damage evolution of thermal shocked CMC under monotonic tensile loading

当累积应变超过$\varepsilon _{{\rm th}} $时, 损伤开始出现并不断增大, 随着应变的持续增大,材料达到临界损伤状态而出现断裂失效. 需要说明的是,由于材料含有循环热冲击的热机械损伤, 损伤并没有从零开始,图中损伤的起点是材料经历循环热冲击后的热机械损伤值,关于热机械损伤的确定在作者的前期论文中有详细论述^[22]; 另外,为了验证所提模型的适用性,图7给出了含4次循环热冲击预损伤的CMC在机械载荷下的损伤演化曲线,结果表明所提模型可以很好地描述含不同预损伤的CMC在机械载荷下的力学行为.

需要指出的是, 在开发损伤模型时, 重点在于对相关损伤机制进行建模,而不是使构建模型的过程变得相当复杂,以至于在实际工程中设计和使用陶瓷基复合材料部件变得不切合实际.

3 非弹性应变累积描述

用经典塑性理论来描述CMC的非弹性应变.含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC在卸载-再加载的过程中形成迟滞环,表明材料在卸载过程由于基体开裂、界面脱粘等微结构损伤而产生了非弹性应变.显然, CMC的非弹性应变涉及界面摩擦与滑动, 并且可能与损伤有关.不同于金属材料中由经典塑性引起的非弹性应变现象,含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC损伤-非弹性应变耦合情况如图8所示,说明材料的非弹性应变会随着损伤共同演化.

图8

图8含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC损伤与非弹性应变之间的关系

Fig. 8Inelastic strain evolution with the damage in thermal shocked oxide/oxide CMC

在含损伤的材料中,内力是由材料中的微缺陷以及缺陷之间的相互作用而减少的有效抵抗截面积承受的.又考虑到非弹性变形发生在含损伤的材料的未损伤区域内, 因此,根据Ladevèze等^[10,41]的非弹性应变模型,在塑性力学框架下构建非弹性应变累积模型, 引入有效应力张量$\bar { \sigma }$

(16)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq16} \bar{ \sigma }=\left[\begin{array}{cc} \dfrac{\sigma_1}{1-d_1}&\dfrac{\sigma_{12}}{1-d_6}\\ \dfrac{\sigma_{12}}{1-d_6}&\dfrac{\sigma_2}{1-d_2} \end{array}\right] \end{eqnarray}$

和与塑性耗散能(塑性功)$W_{\rm p} $相关的有效非弹性应变率张量^[42]

(17)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq17} \dot{\tilde{ \varepsilon}}^{\rm p}=\left[\begin{array}{c@{\ \ }c} \dot{\varepsilon}_p^1(1-d_1)&\dot{\varepsilon}_p^{12}(1-d_6)\\ \dot{\varepsilon}_p^{12}(1-d_6)&\dot{\varepsilon}_p^2(1-d_2) \end{array}\right] \end{eqnarray}$

单位体积内的塑性功$W_{\rm p} $可以由等效塑性应变率来表示

(18)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq18} \dot{W}_p=\bar { \sigma }:\dot{ \varepsilon}^{\rm p}=\tilde{\sigma}\dot{\tilde{\varepsilon}}^{\rm p} \end{eqnarray}$

为简化起见, 假设材料在加载过程中屈服面满足各向同性强化法则.基于有效应力空间的概念, 将塑性屈服准则$F(\bar { \sigma }, \tilde{\varepsilon}^{\rm p})$表示为有效应力张量$\bar { \sigma }$的函数

(19)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq19} F(\bar { \sigma }, \tilde{\varepsilon}^{\rm p})=F^{\rm p}(\bar { \sigma })-\kappa(\tilde{\varepsilon}^{\rm p})=0 \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $F^{\rm p}$为塑性势, $\kappa \left( {\tilde {\varepsilon }^{\rm p}} \right)$是以等效非弹性应变$\tilde {\varepsilon }^{\rm p}$为变量的各向同性强化函数, 用于描述屈服面的大小, 其表达式如下

(20)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq20} \kappa(\tilde{\varepsilon}^{\rm p})=\tilde{\sigma}(\tilde{\varepsilon}^{\rm p})=R_0+\beta(\tilde{\varepsilon}^{\rm p})^{n_{\rm p}} \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $R_0 $为非弹性应变的初始阈值应力, $\tilde {\sigma }\left( {\tilde {\varepsilon}^{\rm p}} \right)$代表了各向同性强化法则, $\beta $和$n_{\rm p} $是强化曲线的系数, 可通过材料的单调拉伸试验确定, $\tilde {\sigma }$是相对于等效非弹性应变$\tilde { \varepsilon }^{\rm p}$的等效应力.

为简单起见,本研究采用平面应力条件下单参数塑性势的等效形式来描述复合材料在拉伸载荷作用下的不可逆应变.结合式(19), 塑性屈服函数可\lb 写为

(21)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq21} F(\bar{ \sigma},\tilde{\varepsilon}^{\rm p})=(\bar{\sigma}_1+\bar{\sigma}_2+n^2\bar{\sigma}_{12}^2)^{\frac12} -\kappa(\tilde{\varepsilon}^{\rm p})=0 \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $n$为材料参数, 它与单轴拉伸载荷和剪切载荷作用下产生的非弹性应变的比值成正比;

$\bar {\sigma }_{12} $是面内有效剪切应力. 等效应力用$\bar {\sigma }_1 $, $\bar {\sigma }_2 $和$\bar {\sigma }_{12} $表示如下

(22)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq22} \tilde{\sigma}=[\bar{\sigma}_1+\bar{\sigma}_2+n^2\bar{\sigma}_{12}^2]^{\frac12} \end{eqnarray}$

考虑到复合材料的塑性流动的方向和屈服面的法向成正比, 即关联塑性流动法则,非弹性应变率$\varepsilon^{\rm p}$由下式给出

(23)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq23} \dot{\varepsilon}^{\rm p}=\dot{\lambda}^{\rm p}\frac{\partial F}{\partial\bar{ \sigma}} \end{eqnarray}$

式中, $\dot{\lambda }^{\rm p} \geqslant 0$是一个非负塑性一致性参数. 将方程(21)代入方程(23),得到非弹性应变率的显式形式为

(24)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq24} \left[\begin{array}{c}\dot{\varepsilon}_1^{\rm p}\\ \dot{\varepsilon}_2^{\rm p}\\ \dot{\varepsilon}_{12}^{\rm p}\end{array}\right] =\dot{\lambda}^{\rm p}\frac{\partial F}{\partial\bar{ \sigma}} =\left[\begin{array}{c} \dfrac{\bar{\sigma}_1}{\tilde{\sigma}}\\[2mm] \dfrac{\bar{\sigma}_2}{\tilde{\sigma}}\\[2mm] \dfrac{n^2\bar{\sigma}_{12}}{\tilde{\sigma}}\\ \end{array}\right] \end{eqnarray}$

联立式(18)和式(23), 得出

(25)$\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq25} \dot{\tilde{\varepsilon}}^{\rm p}=\dot{\lambda}^{\rm p} \end{eqnarray}$

由式(24)可知, 材料的非弹性应变演化可完全由$\dot{\lambda }^{\rm p}$和$\bar {\sigma }$确定. 从图9可以看出, 所提出的各向同性强化函数关于非弹性应变的表达式与实验数据吻合得\lb 较好.

图9

图9含预损伤CMC非弹性应变演化与非弹性应变之间的关系

Fig.9$\kappa $ evolution with inelastic strain in thermal shocked CMC

4 结论

本文主要开展了含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC的单调拉伸损伤实验,描述了含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC在轴向拉伸载荷下的非线性应力-应变行为,将所施加的应变作为机械损伤的函数, 在此基础上,提出了含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC的非线性损伤演化模型,得到如下主要结论：

(1)单调拉伸损伤实验证实, 含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC弹性模量的降低与所施加的应变直接相关,当所施加应变超过应变阈值$\varepsilon _{{\rm th}} $, 损伤发生并累积, 直到施加应变达到失效应变$\varepsilon ^{{\rm cr}}$, 试件断裂失效, 推断出应变是氧化物/氧化物CMC中机械损伤演化的决定性因素,由此建立了基于应变的氧化物/氧化物CMC损伤分析模型.

(2)由一组标量损伤变量表示含循环热冲击预损伤的氧化物/氧化物CMC在单调拉伸载荷下的损伤行为,包括根据正轴向$0^ \circ $和$90^ \circ $方向的单调拉伸实验得到主方向1和主方向2上的损伤行为, 由偏轴$\pm 45^ \circ $方向单调拉伸实验换算得到剪切方向的损伤行为, 基于Lamon的CMC的损伤模型,提出由弹性应变阈值$\varepsilon _{{\rm th}} $和断裂失效临界值$d^{{\rm cr}}$以及初始损伤值$d^0$来构建含预损伤的CMC在单调拉伸载荷下的损伤演化方程.

(3)在塑性力学理论框架下, 在有效应力空间上建立屈服函数,使用各向同性硬化函数和关联流动法则描述了氧化物/氧化物CMC中由基体损伤引起的非弹性应变演化过程,该工作弥补了含预损伤的CMC在机械加载下损伤演化模型在理论及实验研究方面的不足.

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Abstract

A family of oxide fibers, Nextel™ 610 Ceramic Oxide Fiber, Nextel™ 720 Ceramic Oxide Fiber and a new fiber, Nextel™ 650 Ceramic Oxide Fiber, has been developed specifically for the reinforcement of metal and ceramic matrix composites. This paper summarizes room and high temperature properties for these fibers. The strength of both single filaments and multi-filament rovings of Nextel 610, 650 and 720 fibers was determined between 25 and 250 mm gauge length. Weibull analysis was used to compare the statistical fracture distribution and gauge length dependence of strength. Fiber fracture statistics were in accord with Weibull theory; the effect of diameter variability on the statistical analysis was found to be small. Fractographic analysis on Nextel 610 fiber was used to identify primary fracture-causing defects; defect size was correlated with Griffith fracture predictions.

High temperature single filament strength measurements were performed on Nextel 610, 650 and 720 fibers between 800 and 1400°C. High temperature strength varied inversely with strain rate. In combination with tensile creep tests at 1100 and 1200°C, these were used to compare the elevated temperature capability of each fiber and determine maximum use temperatures. The development of crystalline yttrium aluminum garnet fibers that demonstrate further improvements in creep performance relative to Nextel 720 fibers is also discussed.

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Fatigue behavior of Nextel720 (TM)/alumina was investigated under combustion environment, which was then compared with that in laboratory environment. Fatigue strength for 90,000 cycles was equal to 150 MPa under combustion condition, while 170 MPa in laboratory environment. However, normalized fatigue strength (ratio of fatigue strength and ultimate tensile strength) was equal in combustion and laboratory environments. The difference in fatigue strength was due to thermal stresses from impingement of combustion flame on one side of specimen. Fractographic analysis showed that combustion had little effect on fiber/matrix bonding in only flame impingement region. Combustion environment was not thus damaging to Nextel720 (TM)/alumina.

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纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料初始加载到疲劳峰值应力时，基体出现裂纹，纤维/基体界面发生脱粘. 在疲劳载荷作用下，纤维相对基体在界面脱粘区往复滑移使得陶瓷基复合材料出现疲劳迟滞现象. 建立了纤维陶瓷基复合材料疲劳迟滞回线细观力学模型，采用断裂力学方法确定了初始加载纤维/基体界面脱粘长度、卸载界面反向滑移长度与重新加载新界面滑移长度，分析了4种不同界面滑移情况的疲劳迟滞回线. 假设正交铺设与编织陶瓷基复合材料疲劳迟滞回线主要受0°铺层、轴向纱线内纤维/基体界面滑移的影响，预测了单向、正交铺设与编织陶瓷基复合材料在不同峰值应力与不同循环的疲劳迟滞回线，与试验结果吻合.

( Li

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( Guo

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